Can tampons cause cancer?

Dear Reader, 

Sussing out whether claims like this are fact or fiction isn’t always easy—good on you for trying to get to the bottom of your health information!  While tampons haven’t outright been linked to cancer, some of the dangers they pose—like exposure to heavy metals, microplastics, and various chemicals—might increase the likelihood of cancer with tampon use over time. If you want to know more about tampons and their risks, read on to learn more. 

What are some dangers of wearing tampons?  

Some of the dangers that come with wearing tampons include: 

• Exposure to chemicals and heavy metals: Previous research has found that tampons have preservatives and chemicals called volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to make the plastic in the tampons last longer. Research has also found metals like calcium, cobalt, chromium, copper, nickel, zinc, and strontium, and toxic metals like lead, cadmium, and arsenic in the tampons they tested. While the level of metals found differed among different tampon brands, accumulation of heavy metals can lead to heavy metal toxicity. The fact that lead was found in all the tampons tested is especially concerning. Any level of lead exposure is unsafe and once ingested, lead can stay in your bones for decades causing a variety of health issues throughout your body. 
• Interaction with Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): The wrappers and outer layers of some pads, tampons, and period underwear have been found to contain PFAS. PFAS are considered “forever chemicals,” because they break down slowly over a prolonged period. This means that if you're exposed to them, PFAS can remain in the body for a long time, potentially leading to cancer, liver and kidney damage, heart disease, diabetes, and obesity. 
• Contact with Microplastics: synthetic fibers in tampons have been found to contain microplastics, or pieces of plastic that are smaller than five millimeters. These tampon fibers are stable and last for a long time without breaking down. It’s also unknown whether these fibers are ever completely flushed out. This means they can last inside the body and cause irritation and potentially bacterial infections.  
• Toxic shock syndrome (TSS): TSS is a fatal complication of a bacterial infection caused by staph and strep bacteria. TSS can affect anyone, but you’re particularly at risk if you have skin wounds; have just had surgery; or use tampons, menstrual cups, diaphragms, and contraceptive sponges. Symptoms of TSS include:  
• a high fever (generally considered 103 degrees Fahrenheit or higher) with rapid onset 
• vomiting 
• diarrhea 
• headaches 
• seizures 
• muscle aches 
• low blood pressure 
• confusion 
• a rash on the palms of hands and soles of feet 
• redness of the eyes, mouth, and throat.  

If you think you might have TSS, it’s important to seek care immediately—TSS can lead to shock, kidney failure, and even death. If you’ve already had TSS, you might be at higher risk of getting it again. If you’ve already had TSS or a staph or strep infection, you might consider not using tampons again. You can prevent getting TSS by changing your tampon regularly, at least every four to eight hours, and using other forms of menstrual products, like pads, especially when your period is light. 

Can your body absorb heavy metals and chemicals from tampons? 

Whether the vagina can absorb the heavy metals, microplastics, and PFAS found in tampons is still unclear. More research needs to be done to assess the health implications of extended exposure to these substances via tampons.  

The inner vaginal walls are, however, absorbent. The vagina is composed of small folds, which create a large surface area, offering ample opportunity for absorption. Additionally, the vagina is thought to be penetrable because of its mucous, which helps with the absorption of external particles. 

Though little is understood about microplastics and the way they can affect the human body, many people may experience prolonged exposure to microplastics given the high frequency of tampon use over the course of a menstruating person’s lifetime. Say a person menstruates for around 40 years, which is equivalent to about 500 periods, and uses around 20 tampons per cycle—this would expose this individual to a whole lot of contaminants!   

Are alternative menstrual products safer? 

There are other options to consider when it comes to menstruation management such as pads, menstrual cups and discs, and period underwear. However, even brands creating these products often lack transparency about what’s in their products or where the ingredients are sourced from. Just like tampons, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) isn’t required to test these products for chemical contamination.  

Unfortunately, there’s still little known about the health consequences of tampon ingredients and whether they might lead to cancer. So how you continue using menstrual products is largely up to your comfort level. That said, you might find it helpful to speak with your health care provider about menstrual product options and any concerns you might have. 

Wishing you the best,